Prolapso uterino neonatal: relato de dois casos clínicos em hospital universitário e uma breve revisão da literatura / Neonatal uterine prolapse: two cases reports in an university hospital and a brief review of the literature

O prolapso genital neonatal é uma condição clínica rara e na maioria das vezes associada a anomalias neurológicas. Nos últimos 50 anos, foram relatados menos de 10 casos na literatura de prolapso genital em recém-nascido sem espinha bífida ou meningomielocele (nenhum deles no Brasil), tornando tal entidade ainda mais rara em neonatos neurologicamente normais. Neste artigo relatamos dois casos clínicos de prolapso genital em neonatos prematuros neurologicamente normais. Em ambos os casos foi optado por manejo conservador com redução digital do prolapso. Foi realizada também uma breve revisão da literatura para melhor discussão sobre o tema (etiologia, diagnóstico e manejo).(AU)

Neonatal genital prolapse is a rare clinical condition and most often associated with neurological abnormalities. In the last 50 years, less than 10 cases of genital prolapse have been reported in literature in neonates without spina bifida or meningomyelocele (none of them in Brazil), making this entity even rarer in neurologically normal neonates. In this article we report two clinical cases of genital prolapse in neurologically normal preterm neonates. In both cases, conservative management with digital reduction was chosen. A brief review of the literature was also carried out to better discuss the topic (etiology, diagnosis and management).(AU)

Dietary intake, body composition and metabolic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Overweight polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients present exacerbation of clinical symptoms and increased risk for chronic diseases. The effects of inadequate dietary intake have been investigated in body weight gain in PCOS women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary pattern and to analyze possible associations with the metabolism and body composition in PCOS women. METHODS: A case-control study was performed with thirty-nine women diagnosed with PCOS and thirty-five control women, matched by age and body mass index. A body composition assessment was performed by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and food intake was assessed using the seven-day food record. The metabolic parameters evaluated were fasting glucose, insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment-estimated Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in dietary intake of women with or without PCOS. In the analysis of the associations between dietary intake, metabolic parameters and body composition, PCOS women showed an inverse correlation between dietetic fiber intake and HOMA-IR index (r = -0.365; p = 0.024). Also in PCOS group, dietary fiber intake presented an inverse correlation with total body fat (r = -0.401; p = 0.011), trunk fat (r = -0.388; p = 0.015), and android fat (r = -0.431; p = 0.006). PCOS women group had higher glucose 120', compared to those without PCOS (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence that the adequate intake of dietary fiber contributes to more appropriate body composition and glucose metabolism in PCOS women and possibly toward the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases.

Hysteroscopy as a standard procedure for assessing endometrial lesions among postmenopausal women

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Endometrial cancer is the most prevalent type of malignant neoplasia of the genital tract. The objective of this study was to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and positive and negative predictive values for diagnostic hysteroscopy, in comparison with histopathological tests, for all lesions of the endometrial cavity. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective descriptive study at the public tertiary-level university hospital of Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. METHODS: Diagnostic hysteroscopy was indicated in the following instances: endometrial thickness > 4 mm in asymptomatic patients; postmenopausal bleeding; and irregular endometrium or endometrium difficult to assess from ultrasound, with or without vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound evaluations were carried out no more than three months prior to hysteroscopy. RESULTS: There were 510 patients, with a mean age of 61.1 ± 2.0 years and mean time elapsed since the menopause of 12.7 ± 2.5 years. Endometrial biopsies were performed on 293 patients (57.5 percent). Histopathological analysis showed that 18 patients presented endometrial carcinoma or typical or atypical hyperplasia, and none of them presented endometrial thickness of less than 8 mm. No significant differences were found between the median thicknesses of the various benign lesions (p > 0.05). In our data, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and positive and negative predictive values for cancer or hyperplasia were 94.4 percent, 97.0 percent, 96.8 percent, 68 percent and 99.6 percent, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that hysteroscopy is valuable as a diagnostic tool for malignant/hyperplastic and benign lesions, except for submucous myomas, for which the sensitivity was only 52.6 percent.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O câncer endometrial é o tipo mais prevalente de neoplasia maligna do trato genital. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: calcular a sensibilidade, especifi cidade e acurácia, bem como valor preditivo positivo e negativo das histeroscopias diagnósticas em comparação com a análise histopatológica de todas as lesões da cavidade endometrial. DESENHO E LOCAL: Estudo retrospectivo e descritivo no setor de endoscopia ginecológica do hospital universitário, terciário e público da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: A histeroscopia diagnóstica foi indicada nas seguintes situações: espessura endometrial > 4 mm em pacientes assintomáticas, sangramento na pós-menopausa, endométrio irregular ou endométrio de difícil avaliação pelo ultra-som, com ou sem sangramento vaginal. A avaliação ultra-sonográfi ca foi realizada não mais que três meses antes da histeroscopia. RESULTADOS: A idade média das pacientes foi 61,1 ± 2,0 anos, e a duração média do período pós-menopausa foi de 12,7 ± 2,5 anos. Das 510 pacientes, 293 (57,5 por cento) foram submetidas à biópsia endometrial, no estudo histopatológico, 18 pacientes apresentavam carcinoma endometrial, hiperplasia típica ou atípica e nenhuma delas apresentava espessura endometrial maior que 8 mm. Nenhuma diferença signifi cativa foi encontrada entre as espessuras medianas das várias lesões benignas (p > 0,05). A sensibilidade (94,4 por cento), especifi cidade (97 por cento), acurácia (96,8 por cento) e valores preditivos positivo e negativo (68 por cento e 99,6 por cento respectivamente) foram altos em nosso estudo. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados sugerem que a histeroscopia diagnóstica apresenta boa validade como ferramenta diagnóstica para lesões malignas e hiperplasias, bem como para lesões benignas, com exceção dos leiomiomas submucosos, para o qual a sensibilidade foi de somente 52,6 por cento.

Hysteroscopy as a standard procedure for assessing endometrial lesions among postmenopausal women.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Endometrial cancer is the most prevalent type of malignant neoplasia of the genital tract. The objective of this study was to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and positive and negative predictive values for diagnostic hysteroscopy, in comparison with histopathological tests, for all lesions of the endometrial cavity. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective descriptive study at the public tertiary-level university hospital of Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. METHODS: Diagnostic hysteroscopy was indicated in the following instances: endometrial thickness > 4 mm in asymptomatic patients; postmenopausal bleeding; and irregular endometrium or endometrium difficult to assess from ultrasound, with or without vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound evaluations were carried out no more than three months prior to hysteroscopy. RESULTS: There were 510 patients, with a mean age of 61.1+/-2.0 years and mean time elapsed since the menopause of 12.7+/-2.5 years. Endometrial biopsies were performed on 293 patients (57.5%). Histopathological analysis showed that 18 patients presented endometrial carcinoma or typical or atypical hyperplasia, and none of them presented endometrial thickness of less than 8 mm. No significant differences were found between the median thicknesses of the various benign lesions (p > 0.05). In our data, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and positive and negative predictive values for cancer or hyperplasia were 94.4%, 97.0%, 96.8%, 68% and 99.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that hysteroscopy is valuable as a diagnostic tool for malignant/hyperplastic and benign lesions, except for submucous myomas, for which the sensitivity was only 52.6%.

Tratamento da endometrite puerperal com antibioticoterapia parenteral exclusiva / Treatment of puerperal endometritis using a regimen with exclusive parenteral antibiotics

OBJETIVO: analisar a efetividade e segurança da antibioticoterapia parenteral hospitalar exclusiva para tratamento da endometrite puerperal, em população de baixo nível socioeconômico. MÉTODOS: estudo clínico prospectivo, que avaliou 21 puérperas com diagnóstico de endometrite puerperal, cujas gestações foram resolvidas em hospital universitário por cesárea (52,4 por cento) ou parto normal (47,6). A amostra caracterizou-se por baixo nível socioeconômico e de escolaridade. Foram submetidas ao regime de antibioticoterapia parenteral exclusiva, apenas durante o período de internação (grupo ATP-EX). Os resultados foram comparados com aqueles obtidos de série histórica do mesmo serviço (20 casos) submetidas a antibioticoterapia parenteral hospitalar, complementada por terapia via oral ambulatorial (grupo ATP+VO). As pacientes foram avaliadas clinicamente em retornos periódicos visando identificar casos de recidivas e complicações infecciosas. RESULTADOS: uma paciente do grupo ATP+VO necessitou de reinternação no 6º dia após a alta por recrudescência da endometrite. Não foi observada nenhuma complicação entre as pacientes do grupo ATP-EX. CONCLUSAO: para o tratamento de endometrite puerperal, não foi observado benefício adicional com a adição da antibioticoterapia oral complementar após a alta. Os resultados com o uso da antibioticoterapia parenteral exclusiva durante a internação indicam que esse esquema pode ser utilizado com segurança em população de baixo nível socioeconômico

Macroprolactinoma resistente aos agonistas dopaminérgicos: relato de caso / Macroprolactinoma resistant to dopamine agonists: a case report

Os macroprolactinomas são tumores benignos hipofisários, secretores de prolactina, manifestando-se com amenorréia, galactorréia e disfunção gonadal. O tratamento de primeira escolha é clínico, com agonistas dopaminérgicos. O tratamento cirúrgico é reservado para os raros casos que não respondem ao tratamento clínico, intolerância à medicação ou nos casos agudos quando ocorre a hemorragia intra-tumoral. Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente portadora de macroprolactinoma submetida a duas ressecções cirúrgicas e resistente ao tratamento clínico, com evolução não usual.

Atitudes de estudantes de medicina sobre práticas médicas heterodoxas no Brasil / Attitudes of brazilian medical students towards complementary and alternative medicines

Realizou-se uma enquete com 51 estudantes de medicina presentes no XXXV Congresso Brasileiro de Educação Médica com o objetivo de identificar as atitudes de estudantes interessados em ensino médico em relação a quatro práticas médicas heterodoxas (PMHs) mais usadas no Brasil. Foram investigados o grau de conhecimento, eficácia, interesse na aprendizagem, utilidade e recomendação para a implantação nos currículos das escolas médicas e nos serviços públicos de saúde da acupuntura, fitoterapia, hipnose e homeopatia. Mais da metade dos estudantes manifestaram alto interesse em conhecer melhor as PMHs e consideram que elas deveriam ser ensinadas nas Escolas Médicas Brasileiras, de forma opcional (86 por cento) ou obrigatória (9 por cento). Embora mais de 80 por cento dos entrevistados admitisse estar pouco ou nada informado sobre as PMHs, 60 por cento entendem que elas são bastante ou extremamente eficazes. Para dois terços da amostra, a homeopatia, a fitoterapia e a acupuntura deveriam estar disponíveis na rede pública de saúde, cabendo aos médicos a responsabilidade pela prescrição ou uso das PMHs. Os estudantes de medicina interessados em educação médica admitem conhecer pouco, porém acreditam que as PMHs podem ser bastantes eficazes, devem ser oferecidas rotineiramente na rede pública de saúde e querem ser bem mais treinados ou informados sobre elas durante o curso de graduação.

Frequency of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in alcoholics.

Several studies have shown that chronic alcoholics have increased susceptibility to infections due to higher exposure to infectious agents as well as breakdown in their immune defenses. As Strongyloides stercoralis infection is usually more relevant in immunocompromised patients, the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of S. stercoralis infection in alcoholics. Thus, coproparasitological examination was carried out in 145 subjects, from which 45 were chronic alcoholics (mean age of 45.7 +/- 11.0 years), 10 were nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients (mean age of 50.2 +/- 13.1 years), and 90 were asymptomatic nonalcoholic subjects (mean age of 46.7 +/- 10.1 years), which served as controls. From the alcoholics, 9 had hepatic cirrhosis, 9 had chronic pancreatitis and 27 had neither cirrhosis nor pancreatitis. For the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis, the Baermann-Moraes and Lutz methods were used in three fecal samples from each subject. Samples were collected at alternated days, and three slides of each sample were analyzed for each method, thus totalizing 2,610 slides examined. The frequency of strongloidiasis in the total alcoholic group (33.3%) and in the subgroups of alcoholics, i.e., patients with hepatic cirrhosis (44.4%), with chronic pancreatitis (33.3%), and those with no cirrhosis or pancreatitis (29.6%) was statistically higher than that found in the control group (5.5%). None of the individuals with nonalcoholic hepatic cirrhosis had S. stercoralis infection. Our results showed that the chronic alcoholism itself is an important factor that predisposes to strongyloidiasis.

Frequency of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in alcoholics

Several studies have shown that chronic alcoholics have increased susceptibility to infections due to higher exposure to infectious agents as well as breakdown in their immune defenses. As Strongyloides stercoralis infection is usually more relevant in immunocompromised patients, the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of S. stercoralis infection in alcoholics. Thus, coproparasitological examination was carried out in 145 subjects, from which 45 were chronic alcoholics (mean age of 45.7 ± 11.0 years), 10 were nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients (mean age of 50.2 ± 13.1 years), and 90 were asymptomatic nonalcoholic subjects (mean age of 46.7 ± 10.1 years), which served as controls. From the alcoholics, 9 had hepatic cirrhosis, 9 had chronic pancreatitis and 27 had neither cirrhosis nor pancreatitis. For the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis, the Baermann-Moraes and Lutz methods were used in three fecal samples from each subject. Samples were collected at alternated days, and three slides of each sample were analyzed for each method, thus totalizing 2,610 slides examined. The frequency of strongyloidiasis in the total alcoholic group (33.3 percent) and in the subgroups of alcoholics, i.e., patients with hepatic cirrhosis (44.4 percent), with chronic pancreatitis (33.3 percent), and those with no cirrhosis or pancreatitis (29.6 percent) was statistically higher than that found in the control group (5.5 percent). None of the individuals with nonalcoholic hepatic cirrhosis had S. stercoralis infection. Our results showed that the chronic alcoholism itself is an important factor that predisposes to strongyloidiasis

Avaliação Quali-Quantitativa das Disciplinas Curriculares: a Experiência da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia / Qualitative and Quantitative Curricular Evaluation the Experience at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia

Resumo: As mudanças no ensino superior, no espírito da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases, realçam a necessidade de maior flexibilização curricular a de um melhor conhecimento da realidade educacional de cada curso. Este estudo objetivou uma diagnose melhor da situação atual do Curso de Medicina da UFU, através de uma abordagem quali-quantitativa para avaliação das disciplinas curriculares. Foram usados análise documental, abordagem quantitativa com aplicação de questionário final de avaliação de disciplinas e abordagem qualitativa com observação participante de cada disciplina, realizada por dois observadores independentes. As respostas foram agrupadas em cinco áreas temáticas: processo ensino-aprendizagem, cenário de aprendizagem, relacionamento professor-aluno, ética no curso e avaliação do aluno. Há uma razoável satisfação dos alunos em relação ao modo como vêm sendo ministradas as disciplinas. Entretanto, as observações qualitativas e os registros quantitativos indicam que há um significativo espaço para a introdução de melhorias. A abordagem quali-quantitativa de avaliação permite a coleta de informações ricas e detalhadas, tendo como resultante uma visão mais integral da realidade.

Abstract: Recent changes in Brazilian higher education reinforce the need for flexible curricula and improved understanding of the educational reality in schools. This study aimed to diagnose the current situation of a Brazilian medical school using a qualitative/quantitative approach to evaluate core disciplines. We used documental analyzes, a quantitative approach with a questionnaire to evaluate courses, and a qualitative approach with participant observation of each couse evaluated by two independent observers. Answers were grouped into five categories: the teaching-learning process, the context of learning, the teacher-student relationship, ethics in the course, and students evaluation. There is a fair amount of satisfaction among students concerning the way courses have been taught, but qualitative observations and quantitative records suggest room for considerable improvement. A qualitative/quantitative approach can provide a detailed and integral view of reality.